File/directory commands: sample usage
cd | change directory | cd bin cd ~/2350/hw cd |
chgrp | change group ownership | chgrp appm2350 index.html |
chmod | change permissions | chmod 664 myfile.html |
cp | copy file(s) | cp thisfile newfile cp file* subdir/ |
ls | list files | ls -l ls -alrt *.html |
mkdir | make new directory | mkdir 2005fall |
mv | move/rename file(s) | mv a.out ProgramE mv file* subdir/ |
pwd | present working directory | pwd |
rm | remove/delete file(s) | rm -i *.aux rm -rf subdir/ |
rmdir | delete empty directory | rmdir 1999fall |
Editing, Email, Documentation: sample usage
emacs | text editor | emacs mythesis.tex |
vi | text editor | vi mythesis.tex |
nedit | text editor | nedit mythesis.tex |
pico | text editor | pico mythesis.tex |
pine | email | pine |
mailx | email | mailx mailx smith@hotmail.com |
latex | compiles DVI document | latex mythesis.tex |
pdflatex | compiles PDF document | pdflatex mythesis.tex |
Remote login and file copying: sample usage
scp | copy between computers | scp myfile amath.colorado.edu:subdir/file8 |
sftp | copy between computers | sftp |
ssh | log onto remote computer | ssh amath.colorado.edu -l username |
Text filters: sample usage
cat | display text contents | cat file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt |
grep | find word/string | grep keyword file1 file2 file3 |
head | display first few lines | head -5 file.txt |
more | display 20 lines at a time | more file.txt |
sort | re-order text lines | sort -r -n file.txt |
spell | find misspelled words | spell file.txt |
tail | display last few lines | tail -5 file.txt |
wc | word count | wc file.txt cat *.tex | wc |
Other Utilities: sample usage
man | manual page | man ls man -k editor |
cal | calendar | cal cal 12 2005 |
date | current date/time | date |
du | total size of directory | du -k | sort -n |
echo | print to screen | echo "This is great stuff." |
look | suggest words | look stri |
Process control: sample usage
file | type of file | file * |
jobs | in current shell | jobs |
kill | stop process | kill 23098 kill -9 23098 |
nice | process priority | nice ./a.out |
ps | list processes | ps -ef | sort | more |
which | command filename | which netscape |
Customizing: sample usage
alias | command shortcut | alias dir ’/bin/ls -al \!* | more’ |
finger | user identity | finger smith finger @newton |
passwd | change password | passwd |
set | variables | set path=($path /usr/local/tex/bin) |
setenv | variables | setenv TEXHOME /usr/local/tex |
w who whoami | user identities | w who whoami |
Compilers and file utilities: sample usage
cc c++ gcc g++ | C and C++ compilers | cc -o myprogram progA.c |
f77 f90 f95 | Fortran compilers | f90 -o myprogram progA.f90 |
diff | line-by-line difference | diff file1.txt file2.txt |
strings | text embedded in binary | strings a.out |
tar | archiving files | tar cf myarchive.tar file1 file2 dir3 dir4 |
gzip | compress file | gzip myarchive.tar |
gunzip | uncompress file | gunzip myarchive.tar.gz |
SYNTAX: sample usage
& | run in background | nice ./a.out & |
> | redirect to file | nice ./a.out > results.out & |
>> | append to file | nice ./a.out >> more.out & |
< | input from file | nice ./a.out < input.dat > results.out & |
| | pipe to another program | cat *.dat | more |
; | separates commands | ./a.out < input1.dat ; ./a.out < input2.dat ; ls |
$VARIABLE | variables | set ; echo $PATH |
* and ? | wildcard characters | ls *.tex ; ls a* ; ls *.??? ; ls file?.txt |
!! $! | last command, last word | echo "!!" |
FILES: what the file is for
~/.cshrc | initialization file | define shell variables and aliases |
~/.login | initialization file | set 1-time login information |
~/.ssh/known_hosts | ssh keys file | keys accepted from other hosts; sometimes needs editing |
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